AWS IoT 使用适用于 Python 的 SDK (Boto3) 的示例

def hello_iot():
    """
    Use the AWS SDK for Python (Boto3) to create an AWS IoT client and list
    up to 10 things in your AWS IoT account.
    This example uses the default settings specified in your shared credentials
    and config files.
    """
    try:
        iot_client = boto3.client("iot")
        response = iot_client.list_things(maxResults=10)
        things = response.get("things", [])
        
        print("Hello, AWS IoT! Here are your things:")
        if things:
            for i, thing in enumerate(things, 1):
                print(f"{i}. {thing['thingName']}")
        else:
            print("No things found in your AWS IoT account.")
    except ClientError as e:
        if e.response["Error"]["Code"] == "UnauthorizedException":
            print("You don't have permission to access AWS IoT.")
        else:
            print(f"Couldn't access AWS IoT. Error: {e}")
    except NoCredentialsError:
        print("No AWS credentials found. Please configure your credentials.")
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"An unexpected error occurred: {e}")

创建 IoT 包装器类来管理操作。

class IoTWrapper:
    """Encapsulates AWS IoT actions."""

    def __init__(self, iot_client, iot_data_client=None):
        """
        :param iot_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT client.
        :param iot_data_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT Data Plane client.
        """
        self.iot_client = iot_client
        self.iot_data_client = iot_data_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        iot_client = boto3.client("iot")
        iot_data_client = boto3.client("iot-data")
        return cls(iot_client, iot_data_client)
    

    def create_thing(self, thing_name):
        """
        Creates an AWS IoT thing.

        :param thing_name: The name of the thing to create.
        :return: The name and ARN of the created thing.
        """
        try:
            response = self.iot_client.create_thing(thingName=thing_name)
            logger.info("Created thing %s.", thing_name)
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ResourceAlreadyExistsException":
                logger.info("Thing %s already exists. Skipping creation.", thing_name)
                return None
            logger.error(
                "Couldn't create thing %s. Here's why: %s: %s",
                thing_name,
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise
        else:
            return response


    def list_things(self):
        """
        Lists AWS IoT things.

        :return: The list of things.
        """
        try:
            things = []
            paginator = self.iot_client.get_paginator("list_things")
            for page in paginator.paginate():
                things.extend(page["things"])
            logger.info("Retrieved %s things.", len(things))
            return things
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ThrottlingException":
                logger.error("Request throttled. Please try again later.")
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't list things. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise
            


    def create_keys_and_certificate(self):
        """
        Creates keys and a certificate for an AWS IoT thing.

        :return: The certificate ID, ARN, and PEM.
        """
        try:
            response = self.iot_client.create_keys_and_certificate(setAsActive=True)
            logger.info("Created certificate %s.", response["certificateId"])
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ThrottlingException":
                logger.error("Request throttled. Please try again later.")
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't create keys and certificate. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise
        else:
            return response


    def attach_thing_principal(self, thing_name, principal):
        """
        Attaches a certificate to an AWS IoT thing.

        :param thing_name: The name of the thing.
        :param principal: The ARN of the certificate.
        """
        try:
            self.iot_client.attach_thing_principal(
                thingName=thing_name, principal=principal
            )
            logger.info("Attached principal %s to thing %s.", principal, thing_name)
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ResourceNotFoundException":
                logger.error("Cannot attach principal. Resource not found.")
                return
            logger.error(
                "Couldn't attach principal to thing. Here's why: %s: %s",
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise


    def describe_endpoint(self, endpoint_type="iot:Data-ATS"):
        """
        Gets the AWS IoT endpoint.

        :param endpoint_type: The endpoint type.
        :return: The endpoint.
        """
        try:
            response = self.iot_client.describe_endpoint(endpointType=endpoint_type)
            logger.info("Retrieved endpoint %s.", response["endpointAddress"])
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ThrottlingException":
                logger.error("Request throttled. Please try again later.")
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't describe endpoint. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise
        else:
            return response["endpointAddress"]


    def list_certificates(self):
        """
        Lists AWS IoT certificates.

        :return: The list of certificates.
        """
        try:
            certificates = []
            paginator = self.iot_client.get_paginator("list_certificates")
            for page in paginator.paginate():
                certificates.extend(page["certificates"])
            logger.info("Retrieved %s certificates.", len(certificates))
            return certificates
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ThrottlingException":
                logger.error("Request throttled. Please try again later.")
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't list certificates. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise


    def detach_thing_principal(self, thing_name, principal):
        """
        Detaches a certificate from an AWS IoT thing.

        :param thing_name: The name of the thing.
        :param principal: The ARN of the certificate.
        """
        try:
            self.iot_client.detach_thing_principal(
                thingName=thing_name, principal=principal
            )
            logger.info("Detached principal %s from thing %s.", principal, thing_name)
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ResourceNotFoundException":
                logger.error("Cannot detach principal. Resource not found.")
                return
            logger.error(
                "Couldn't detach principal from thing. Here's why: %s: %s",
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise


    def delete_certificate(self, certificate_id):
        """
        Deletes an AWS IoT certificate.

        :param certificate_id: The ID of the certificate to delete.
        """
        try:
            self.iot_client.update_certificate(
                certificateId=certificate_id, newStatus="INACTIVE"
            )
            self.iot_client.delete_certificate(certificateId=certificate_id)
            logger.info("Deleted certificate %s.", certificate_id)
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ResourceNotFoundException":
                logger.error("Cannot delete certificate. Resource not found.")
                return
            logger.error(
                "Couldn't delete certificate. Here's why: %s: %s",
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise


    def create_topic_rule(self, rule_name, topic, sns_action_arn, role_arn):
        """
        Creates an AWS IoT topic rule.

        :param rule_name: The name of the rule.
        :param topic: The MQTT topic to subscribe to.
        :param sns_action_arn: The ARN of the SNS topic to publish to.
        :param role_arn: The ARN of the IAM role.
        """
        try:
            self.iot_client.create_topic_rule(
                ruleName=rule_name,
                topicRulePayload={
                    "sql": f"SELECT * FROM '{topic}'",
                    "actions": [
                        {"sns": {"targetArn": sns_action_arn, "roleArn": role_arn}}
                    ],
                },
            )
            logger.info("Created topic rule %s.", rule_name)
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ResourceAlreadyExistsException":
                logger.info("Topic rule %s already exists. Skipping creation.", rule_name)
                return
            logger.error(
                "Couldn't create topic rule. Here's why: %s: %s",
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise


    def list_topic_rules(self):
        """
        Lists AWS IoT topic rules.

        :return: The list of topic rules.
        """
        try:
            rules = []
            paginator = self.iot_client.get_paginator("list_topic_rules")
            for page in paginator.paginate():
                rules.extend(page["rules"])
            logger.info("Retrieved %s topic rules.", len(rules))
            return rules
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ThrottlingException":
                logger.error("Request throttled. Please try again later.")
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't list topic rules. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise
            


    def search_index(self, query):
        """
        Searches the AWS IoT index.

        :param query: The search query.
        :return: The list of things found.
        """
        try:
            response = self.iot_client.search_index(queryString=query)
            logger.info("Found %s things.", len(response.get("things", [])))
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ThrottlingException":
                logger.error("Request throttled. Please try again later.")
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't search index. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise
        else:
            return response.get("things", [])


    def update_indexing_configuration(self):
        """
        Updates the AWS IoT indexing configuration to enable thing indexing.
        """
        try:
            self.iot_client.update_indexing_configuration(
                thingIndexingConfiguration={"thingIndexingMode": "REGISTRY"}
            )
            logger.info("Updated indexing configuration.")
        except ClientError as err:
            logger.error(
                "Couldn't update indexing configuration. Here's why: %s: %s",
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise


    def delete_thing(self, thing_name):
        """
        Deletes an AWS IoT thing.

        :param thing_name: The name of the thing to delete.
        """
        try:
            self.iot_client.delete_thing(thingName=thing_name)
            logger.info("Deleted thing %s.", thing_name)
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ResourceNotFoundException":
                logger.error("Cannot delete thing. Resource not found.")
                return
            logger.error(
                "Couldn't delete thing. Here's why: %s: %s",
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise


    def delete_topic_rule(self, rule_name):
        """
        Deletes an AWS IoT topic rule.

        :param rule_name: The name of the rule to delete.
        """
        try:
            self.iot_client.delete_topic_rule(ruleName=rule_name)
            logger.info("Deleted topic rule %s.", rule_name)
        except ClientError as err:
            logger.error(
                "Couldn't delete topic rule. Here's why: %s: %s",
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise


    def update_thing_shadow(self, thing_name, shadow_state):
        """
        Updates the shadow for an AWS IoT thing.

        :param thing_name: The name of the thing.
        :param shadow_state: The shadow state as a dictionary.
        """
        import json
        try:
            self.iot_data_client.update_thing_shadow(
                thingName=thing_name, payload=json.dumps(shadow_state)
            )
            logger.info("Updated shadow for thing %s.", thing_name)
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ResourceNotFoundException":
                logger.error("Cannot update thing shadow. Resource not found.")
                return
            logger.error(
                "Couldn't update thing shadow. Here's why: %s: %s",
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise


    def get_thing_shadow(self, thing_name):
        """
        Gets the shadow for an AWS IoT thing.

        :param thing_name: The name of the thing.
        :return: The shadow state as a dictionary.
        """
        import json
        try:
            response = self.iot_data_client.get_thing_shadow(thingName=thing_name)
            shadow = json.loads(response["payload"].read())
            logger.info("Retrieved shadow for thing %s.", thing_name)
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ResourceNotFoundException":
                logger.error("Cannot get thing shadow. Resource not found.")
                return None
            logger.error(
                "Couldn't get thing shadow. Here's why: %s: %s",
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise
        else:
            return shadow

运行演示 IoT 基础知识的交互式场景。

class IoTScenario:
    """Runs an interactive scenario that shows how to use AWS IoT."""

    is_interactive = True

    def __init__(self, iot_wrapper, iot_data_client, cfn_client, stack_name="IoTBasicsStack", template_path=None):
        """
        :param iot_wrapper: An instance of the IoTWrapper class.
        :param iot_data_client: A Boto3 IoT Data Plane client.
        :param cfn_client: A Boto3 CloudFormation client.
        :param stack_name: Name for the CloudFormation stack.
        :param template_path: Path to the CloudFormation template file.
        """
        self.iot_wrapper = iot_wrapper
        self.iot_data_client = iot_data_client
        self.cfn_client = cfn_client
        self.thing_name = None
        self.certificate_arn = None
        self.certificate_id = None
        self.rule_name = None
        self.stack_name = stack_name
        self.template_path = template_path or "../../../scenarios/basics/iot/iot_usecase/resources/cfn_template.yaml"

    def _deploy_stack(self):
        """Deploy CloudFormation stack and return outputs."""
        with open(self.template_path, "r") as f:
            template_body = f.read()
        
        try:
            self.cfn_client.create_stack(
                StackName=self.stack_name,
                TemplateBody=template_body,
                Capabilities=["CAPABILITY_NAMED_IAM"]
            )
            
            waiter = self.cfn_client.get_waiter("stack_create_complete")
            waiter.wait(StackName=self.stack_name)
            
            response = self.cfn_client.describe_stacks(StackName=self.stack_name)
            outputs = {output["OutputKey"]: output["OutputValue"] 
                      for output in response["Stacks"][0]["Outputs"]}
            return outputs["SNSTopicArn"], outputs["RoleArn"]
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "AlreadyExistsException":
                response = self.cfn_client.describe_stacks(StackName=self.stack_name)
                outputs = {output["OutputKey"]: output["OutputValue"] 
                          for output in response["Stacks"][0]["Outputs"]}
                return outputs["SNSTopicArn"], outputs["RoleArn"]
            raise

    def _cleanup_stack(self):
        """Delete CloudFormation stack."""
        try:
            self.cfn_client.delete_stack(StackName=self.stack_name)
            waiter = self.cfn_client.get_waiter("stack_delete_complete")
            waiter.wait(StackName=self.stack_name)
            print("CloudFormation stack deleted successfully.")
        except ClientError as err:
            logger.error(f"Failed to delete stack: {err}")

    def run_scenario(self, thing_name, rule_name):
        """
        Runs the IoT basics scenario.

        :param thing_name: The name of the thing to create.
        :param rule_name: The name of the topic rule to create.
        """
        print("-" * 88)
        print("Welcome to the AWS IoT basics scenario!")
        print("-" * 88)
        print(
            "This scenario demonstrates how to interact with AWS IoT using the AWS SDK for Python (Boto3).\n"
            "AWS IoT provides secure, bi-directional communication between Internet-connected devices\n"
            "and the AWS cloud. You can manage device connections, process device data, and build IoT applications.\n"
        )

        self.thing_name = thing_name
        self.rule_name = rule_name

        try:
            print("\nDeploying CloudFormation stack...")
            sns_topic_arn, role_arn = self._deploy_stack()
            print(f"Stack deployed. SNS Topic: {sns_topic_arn}")

            input("\nNext, we'll create an AWS IoT thing. Press Enter to continue...") if self.is_interactive else None
            print("\n" + "-" * 88)
            print("1. Create an AWS IoT thing")
            print("-" * 88)
            response = self.iot_wrapper.create_thing(thing_name)
            print(f"Created thing: {response['thingName']}")
            print(f"Thing ARN: {response['thingArn']}")

            input("\nNext, we'll list things. Press Enter to continue...") if self.is_interactive else None
            print("\n" + "-" * 88)
            print("2. List things")
            print("-" * 88)
            things = self.iot_wrapper.list_things()
            print(f"Found {len(things)} thing(s) in your account")
            for thing in things[:5]:  # Show first 5
                print(f"  Thing name: {thing['thingName']}")

            input("\nNext, we'll generate a device certificate. Press Enter to continue...") if self.is_interactive else None
            print("\n" + "-" * 88)
            print("3. Generate a device certificate")
            print("-" * 88)
            cert_response = self.iot_wrapper.create_keys_and_certificate()
            self.certificate_arn = cert_response["certificateArn"]
            self.certificate_id = cert_response["certificateId"]
            print(f"Created certificate: {self.certificate_id}")

            input("\nNext, we'll attach the certificate to the thing. Press Enter to continue...") if self.is_interactive else None
            print("\n" + "-" * 88)
            print("4. Attach the certificate to the thing")
            print("-" * 88)
            self.iot_wrapper.attach_thing_principal(thing_name, self.certificate_arn)
            print(f"Attached certificate to thing: {thing_name}")

            input("\nNext, we'll update the thing shadow. Press Enter to continue...") if self.is_interactive else None
            print("\n" + "-" * 88)
            print("5. Update the thing shadow")
            print("-" * 88)
            shadow_state = {"state": {"reported": {"temperature": 25, "humidity": 50}}}
            self.iot_wrapper.update_thing_shadow(thing_name, shadow_state)
            print(f"Updated shadow for thing: {thing_name}")

            input("\nNext, we'll get the thing shadow. Press Enter to continue...") if self.is_interactive else None
            print("\n" + "-" * 88)
            print("6. Get the thing shadow")
            print("-" * 88)
            shadow = self.iot_wrapper.get_thing_shadow(thing_name)
            print(f"Shadow state: {json.dumps(shadow['state'], indent=2)}")

            input("\nNext, we'll get the AWS IoT endpoint. Press Enter to continue...") if self.is_interactive else None
            print("\n" + "-" * 88)
            print("7. Get the AWS IoT endpoint")
            print("-" * 88)
            endpoint = self.iot_wrapper.describe_endpoint()
            print(f"IoT endpoint: {endpoint}")

            input("\nNext, we'll list certificates. Press Enter to continue...") if self.is_interactive else None
            print("\n" + "-" * 88)
            print("8. List certificates")
            print("-" * 88)
            certificates = self.iot_wrapper.list_certificates()
            print(f"Found {len(certificates)} certificate(s)")
            for cert in certificates:
                print(f"  Certificate ID: {cert['certificateId']}")
                print(f"  Certificate ARN: {cert['certificateArn']}")
                print(f"  Status: {cert['status']}")

            input("\nNext, we'll create a topic rule. Press Enter to continue...") if self.is_interactive else None
            print("\n" + "-" * 88)
            print("9. Create a topic rule")
            print("-" * 88)
            self.iot_wrapper.create_topic_rule(
                rule_name, f"device/{thing_name}/data", sns_topic_arn, role_arn
            )
            print(f"Created topic rule: {rule_name}")

            input("\nNext, we'll list topic rules. Press Enter to continue...") if self.is_interactive else None
            print("\n" + "-" * 88)
            print("10. List topic rules")
            print("-" * 88)
            rules = self.iot_wrapper.list_topic_rules()
            print(f"Found {len(rules)} topic rule(s)")
            for rule in rules:
                print(f"  Rule name: {rule['ruleName']}")
                print(f"  Rule ARN: {rule['ruleArn']}")

            input("\nNext, we'll configure thing indexing. Press Enter to continue...") if self.is_interactive else None
            print("\n" + "-" * 88)
            print("11. Configure thing indexing")
            print("-" * 88)
            self.iot_wrapper.update_indexing_configuration()
            print("Enabled thing indexing")
            print("Waiting for indexing to be ready...")
            time.sleep(10)

            input("\nNext, we'll search for things. Press Enter to continue...") if self.is_interactive else None
            print("\n" + "-" * 88)
            print("12. Search for things")
            print("-" * 88)
            try:
                things = self.iot_wrapper.search_index(f"thingName:{thing_name}")
                if things:
                    print(f"Found {len(things)} thing(s) matching the query")
                    for thing in things:
                        print(f"  Thing name: {thing.get('thingName', 'N/A')}")
                        print(f"  Thing ID: {thing.get('thingId', 'N/A')}")
                else:
                    print("No things found. Indexing may take a few minutes.")
            except ClientError as err:
                if err.response["Error"]["Code"] in [
                    "IndexNotReadyException",
                    "InvalidRequestException",
                ]:
                    print("Search index not ready yet. This is expected.")
                else:
                    raise

        except ClientError as err:
            logger.error(
                "Scenario failed: %s: %s",
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise
        finally:
            self._cleanup()

    def _cleanup(self):
        """Cleans up resources created during the scenario."""
        if not self.thing_name:
            return

        print("\n" + "-" * 88)
        print("Cleanup")
        print("-" * 88)

        if q.ask("Do you want to delete the resources? (y/n) ", q.is_yesno):
            try:
                if self.certificate_arn:
                    print(f"Detaching certificate from thing: {self.thing_name}")
                    self.iot_wrapper.detach_thing_principal(
                        self.thing_name, self.certificate_arn
                    )

                if self.certificate_id:
                    print(f"Deleting certificate: {self.certificate_id}")
                    self.iot_wrapper.delete_certificate(self.certificate_id)

                if self.thing_name:
                    print(f"Deleting thing: {self.thing_name}")
                    self.iot_wrapper.delete_thing(self.thing_name)

                if self.rule_name:
                    print(f"Deleting topic rule: {self.rule_name}")
                    self.iot_wrapper.delete_topic_rule(self.rule_name)

                self._cleanup_stack()
                print("Resources deleted successfully.")
            except ClientError as err:
                logger.error(
                    "Cleanup failed: %s: %s",
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
        else:
            print("Resources will remain in your account.")

        print("\n" + "-" * 88)
        print("Thanks for using AWS IoT!")
        print("-" * 88)

class IoTWrapper:
    """Encapsulates AWS IoT actions."""

    def __init__(self, iot_client, iot_data_client=None):
        """
        :param iot_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT client.
        :param iot_data_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT Data Plane client.
        """
        self.iot_client = iot_client
        self.iot_data_client = iot_data_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        iot_client = boto3.client("iot")
        iot_data_client = boto3.client("iot-data")
        return cls(iot_client, iot_data_client)

    def attach_thing_principal(self, thing_name, principal):
        """
        Attaches a certificate to an AWS IoT thing.

        :param thing_name: The name of the thing.
        :param principal: The ARN of the certificate.
        """
        try:
            self.iot_client.attach_thing_principal(
                thingName=thing_name, principal=principal
            )
            logger.info("Attached principal %s to thing %s.", principal, thing_name)
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ResourceNotFoundException":
                logger.error("Cannot attach principal. Resource not found.")
                return
            logger.error(
                "Couldn't attach principal to thing. Here's why: %s: %s",
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise

class IoTWrapper:
    """Encapsulates AWS IoT actions."""

    def __init__(self, iot_client, iot_data_client=None):
        """
        :param iot_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT client.
        :param iot_data_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT Data Plane client.
        """
        self.iot_client = iot_client
        self.iot_data_client = iot_data_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        iot_client = boto3.client("iot")
        iot_data_client = boto3.client("iot-data")
        return cls(iot_client, iot_data_client)

    def create_keys_and_certificate(self):
        """
        Creates keys and a certificate for an AWS IoT thing.

        :return: The certificate ID, ARN, and PEM.
        """
        try:
            response = self.iot_client.create_keys_and_certificate(setAsActive=True)
            logger.info("Created certificate %s.", response["certificateId"])
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ThrottlingException":
                logger.error("Request throttled. Please try again later.")
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't create keys and certificate. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise
        else:
            return response

class IoTWrapper:
    """Encapsulates AWS IoT actions."""

    def __init__(self, iot_client, iot_data_client=None):
        """
        :param iot_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT client.
        :param iot_data_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT Data Plane client.
        """
        self.iot_client = iot_client
        self.iot_data_client = iot_data_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        iot_client = boto3.client("iot")
        iot_data_client = boto3.client("iot-data")
        return cls(iot_client, iot_data_client)

    def create_thing(self, thing_name):
        """
        Creates an AWS IoT thing.

        :param thing_name: The name of the thing to create.
        :return: The name and ARN of the created thing.
        """
        try:
            response = self.iot_client.create_thing(thingName=thing_name)
            logger.info("Created thing %s.", thing_name)
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ResourceAlreadyExistsException":
                logger.info("Thing %s already exists. Skipping creation.", thing_name)
                return None
            logger.error(
                "Couldn't create thing %s. Here's why: %s: %s",
                thing_name,
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise
        else:
            return response

class IoTWrapper:
    """Encapsulates AWS IoT actions."""

    def __init__(self, iot_client, iot_data_client=None):
        """
        :param iot_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT client.
        :param iot_data_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT Data Plane client.
        """
        self.iot_client = iot_client
        self.iot_data_client = iot_data_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        iot_client = boto3.client("iot")
        iot_data_client = boto3.client("iot-data")
        return cls(iot_client, iot_data_client)

    def create_topic_rule(self, rule_name, topic, sns_action_arn, role_arn):
        """
        Creates an AWS IoT topic rule.

        :param rule_name: The name of the rule.
        :param topic: The MQTT topic to subscribe to.
        :param sns_action_arn: The ARN of the SNS topic to publish to.
        :param role_arn: The ARN of the IAM role.
        """
        try:
            self.iot_client.create_topic_rule(
                ruleName=rule_name,
                topicRulePayload={
                    "sql": f"SELECT * FROM '{topic}'",
                    "actions": [
                        {"sns": {"targetArn": sns_action_arn, "roleArn": role_arn}}
                    ],
                },
            )
            logger.info("Created topic rule %s.", rule_name)
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ResourceAlreadyExistsException":
                logger.info("Topic rule %s already exists. Skipping creation.", rule_name)
                return
            logger.error(
                "Couldn't create topic rule. Here's why: %s: %s",
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise

class IoTWrapper:
    """Encapsulates AWS IoT actions."""

    def __init__(self, iot_client, iot_data_client=None):
        """
        :param iot_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT client.
        :param iot_data_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT Data Plane client.
        """
        self.iot_client = iot_client
        self.iot_data_client = iot_data_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        iot_client = boto3.client("iot")
        iot_data_client = boto3.client("iot-data")
        return cls(iot_client, iot_data_client)

    def delete_certificate(self, certificate_id):
        """
        Deletes an AWS IoT certificate.

        :param certificate_id: The ID of the certificate to delete.
        """
        try:
            self.iot_client.update_certificate(
                certificateId=certificate_id, newStatus="INACTIVE"
            )
            self.iot_client.delete_certificate(certificateId=certificate_id)
            logger.info("Deleted certificate %s.", certificate_id)
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ResourceNotFoundException":
                logger.error("Cannot delete certificate. Resource not found.")
                return
            logger.error(
                "Couldn't delete certificate. Here's why: %s: %s",
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise

class IoTWrapper:
    """Encapsulates AWS IoT actions."""

    def __init__(self, iot_client, iot_data_client=None):
        """
        :param iot_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT client.
        :param iot_data_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT Data Plane client.
        """
        self.iot_client = iot_client
        self.iot_data_client = iot_data_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        iot_client = boto3.client("iot")
        iot_data_client = boto3.client("iot-data")
        return cls(iot_client, iot_data_client)

    def delete_thing(self, thing_name):
        """
        Deletes an AWS IoT thing.

        :param thing_name: The name of the thing to delete.
        """
        try:
            self.iot_client.delete_thing(thingName=thing_name)
            logger.info("Deleted thing %s.", thing_name)
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ResourceNotFoundException":
                logger.error("Cannot delete thing. Resource not found.")
                return
            logger.error(
                "Couldn't delete thing. Here's why: %s: %s",
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise

class IoTWrapper:
    """Encapsulates AWS IoT actions."""

    def __init__(self, iot_client, iot_data_client=None):
        """
        :param iot_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT client.
        :param iot_data_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT Data Plane client.
        """
        self.iot_client = iot_client
        self.iot_data_client = iot_data_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        iot_client = boto3.client("iot")
        iot_data_client = boto3.client("iot-data")
        return cls(iot_client, iot_data_client)

    def delete_topic_rule(self, rule_name):
        """
        Deletes an AWS IoT topic rule.

        :param rule_name: The name of the rule to delete.
        """
        try:
            self.iot_client.delete_topic_rule(ruleName=rule_name)
            logger.info("Deleted topic rule %s.", rule_name)
        except ClientError as err:
            logger.error(
                "Couldn't delete topic rule. Here's why: %s: %s",
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise

class IoTWrapper:
    """Encapsulates AWS IoT actions."""

    def __init__(self, iot_client, iot_data_client=None):
        """
        :param iot_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT client.
        :param iot_data_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT Data Plane client.
        """
        self.iot_client = iot_client
        self.iot_data_client = iot_data_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        iot_client = boto3.client("iot")
        iot_data_client = boto3.client("iot-data")
        return cls(iot_client, iot_data_client)

    def describe_endpoint(self, endpoint_type="iot:Data-ATS"):
        """
        Gets the AWS IoT endpoint.

        :param endpoint_type: The endpoint type.
        :return: The endpoint.
        """
        try:
            response = self.iot_client.describe_endpoint(endpointType=endpoint_type)
            logger.info("Retrieved endpoint %s.", response["endpointAddress"])
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ThrottlingException":
                logger.error("Request throttled. Please try again later.")
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't describe endpoint. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise
        else:
            return response["endpointAddress"]

class IoTWrapper:
    """Encapsulates AWS IoT actions."""

    def __init__(self, iot_client, iot_data_client=None):
        """
        :param iot_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT client.
        :param iot_data_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT Data Plane client.
        """
        self.iot_client = iot_client
        self.iot_data_client = iot_data_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        iot_client = boto3.client("iot")
        iot_data_client = boto3.client("iot-data")
        return cls(iot_client, iot_data_client)

    def detach_thing_principal(self, thing_name, principal):
        """
        Detaches a certificate from an AWS IoT thing.

        :param thing_name: The name of the thing.
        :param principal: The ARN of the certificate.
        """
        try:
            self.iot_client.detach_thing_principal(
                thingName=thing_name, principal=principal
            )
            logger.info("Detached principal %s from thing %s.", principal, thing_name)
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ResourceNotFoundException":
                logger.error("Cannot detach principal. Resource not found.")
                return
            logger.error(
                "Couldn't detach principal from thing. Here's why: %s: %s",
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise

class IoTWrapper:
    """Encapsulates AWS IoT actions."""

    def __init__(self, iot_client, iot_data_client=None):
        """
        :param iot_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT client.
        :param iot_data_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT Data Plane client.
        """
        self.iot_client = iot_client
        self.iot_data_client = iot_data_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        iot_client = boto3.client("iot")
        iot_data_client = boto3.client("iot-data")
        return cls(iot_client, iot_data_client)

    def list_certificates(self):
        """
        Lists AWS IoT certificates.

        :return: The list of certificates.
        """
        try:
            certificates = []
            paginator = self.iot_client.get_paginator("list_certificates")
            for page in paginator.paginate():
                certificates.extend(page["certificates"])
            logger.info("Retrieved %s certificates.", len(certificates))
            return certificates
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ThrottlingException":
                logger.error("Request throttled. Please try again later.")
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't list certificates. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise

class IoTWrapper:
    """Encapsulates AWS IoT actions."""

    def __init__(self, iot_client, iot_data_client=None):
        """
        :param iot_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT client.
        :param iot_data_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT Data Plane client.
        """
        self.iot_client = iot_client
        self.iot_data_client = iot_data_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        iot_client = boto3.client("iot")
        iot_data_client = boto3.client("iot-data")
        return cls(iot_client, iot_data_client)

    def list_things(self):
        """
        Lists AWS IoT things.

        :return: The list of things.
        """
        try:
            things = []
            paginator = self.iot_client.get_paginator("list_things")
            for page in paginator.paginate():
                things.extend(page["things"])
            logger.info("Retrieved %s things.", len(things))
            return things
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ThrottlingException":
                logger.error("Request throttled. Please try again later.")
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't list things. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise
            

class IoTWrapper:
    """Encapsulates AWS IoT actions."""

    def __init__(self, iot_client, iot_data_client=None):
        """
        :param iot_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT client.
        :param iot_data_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT Data Plane client.
        """
        self.iot_client = iot_client
        self.iot_data_client = iot_data_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        iot_client = boto3.client("iot")
        iot_data_client = boto3.client("iot-data")
        return cls(iot_client, iot_data_client)

    def search_index(self, query):
        """
        Searches the AWS IoT index.

        :param query: The search query.
        :return: The list of things found.
        """
        try:
            response = self.iot_client.search_index(queryString=query)
            logger.info("Found %s things.", len(response.get("things", [])))
        except ClientError as err:
            if err.response["Error"]["Code"] == "ThrottlingException":
                logger.error("Request throttled. Please try again later.")
            else:
                logger.error(
                    "Couldn't search index. Here's why: %s: %s",
                    err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                    err.response["Error"]["Message"],
                )
            raise
        else:
            return response.get("things", [])

class IoTWrapper:
    """Encapsulates AWS IoT actions."""

    def __init__(self, iot_client, iot_data_client=None):
        """
        :param iot_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT client.
        :param iot_data_client: A Boto3 AWS IoT Data Plane client.
        """
        self.iot_client = iot_client
        self.iot_data_client = iot_data_client

    @classmethod
    def from_client(cls):
        iot_client = boto3.client("iot")
        iot_data_client = boto3.client("iot-data")
        return cls(iot_client, iot_data_client)

    def update_indexing_configuration(self):
        """
        Updates the AWS IoT indexing configuration to enable thing indexing.
        """
        try:
            self.iot_client.update_indexing_configuration(
                thingIndexingConfiguration={"thingIndexingMode": "REGISTRY"}
            )
            logger.info("Updated indexing configuration.")
        except ClientError as err:
            logger.error(
                "Couldn't update indexing configuration. Here's why: %s: %s",
                err.response["Error"]["Code"],
                err.response["Error"]["Message"],
            )
            raise